It’s that time when kids’ outdoor summer sports are cranking up. Around Columbus it will be baseball and soccer. However, for Harper and Sykes, my grandchildren in Virginia, it will be a summer of lacrosse. While many people in Mississippi and Alabama are not very familiar with lacrosse, the game has ancient roots here.
Ball games have been a part of Native American culture since prehistoric times. Early French missionaries among the Choctaw found them playing a form of stickball in 1729. Though the game was played by tribes from present day Canada to the Gulf, it was the Choctaws from who many early descriptions of the game have survived. To call it simply a game, though, is a misnomer for its playing was not only a social and cultural event but often a means of settling disputes between villages and even neighboring tribes. Until the early 1900s stick ball was referred to as “the ball game.” In 1856, a Canadian who had witnessed stick ball games there reconfigured the game and named it lacrosse.
The Choctaw version of stickball was played on a field ranging in length from 100 to 500 yards, though the field in one early 1800s game was said to have stretched for several miles. The fields had no designated width. Historic accounts of games show each team having from 20 to hundreds of players. At each end of the field would be planted tall poles, sometimes one and sometimes two poles. If there was one pole, the object was to hit the pole with the ball. If there were two poles, then the object was to throw the ball between the poles in order to score a point.
In 1832 and again in 1836, George Catlin witnessed Choctaw ball games and in 1841 he published a description of the games. He described sticks used by the Choctaw of Oklahoma in ball games: “The sticks with which this tribe play, are bent into an oblong loop at the end, with a sort of slight web of small thongs tied across, to prevent the ball (made from deer hide) from passing through. The players hold one of these in each hand, and…catch the ball between the two nettings and throw it, without being allowed to strike it, or catch it in their hands.”
Catlin stated it was a rule that ”no man shall wear moccasins on his feet, or any other dress than his breech-cloth around his waist, with a beautiful bead belt, and a tail made of white horsehair or quills, and a mane on the neck of horsehair.”
He also described the sticks used by the Choctaw in their ball games. “The sticks with which this tribe play, are bent into an oblong loop at the end, with a sort of slight web of small thongs tied across, to prevent the ball from passing through. The players hold one of these in each hand, and…catch the ball between the two nettings and throw it, without being allowed to strike it, or catch it in their hands.”
About five years ago Ryan Spring, an active stickball player from the Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma, gave me a set of competition sticks and a ball. He explained to me how the sticks are held and used. There are two sticks, one about 33 inches long and the other about 30 inches long. He called the long one the “father” and said it was for defending. The shorter one he called “the mother” and said it was held in your prominent hand and used for throwing the ball. The ball he called “the child” and said it was made by wrapping a rock in strips of an old cotton T-shirt, then wrapping that in tape and weaving a round ball around it using strips of rawhide. Finally, it was painted bright orange with enamel paint to make it hard but very visible.
Buried in the history of stickball is the story of what may have been America’s first professional ball team. In 1829, Columbus resident Gideon Lincecum had an idea as to how some money might be made. He decided to raise two teams of Choctaw ball players and take them on a tour of the eastern United States, putting on exhibitions of ball games and traditional dances. Word was sent out across the Choctaw Nation, then in Mississippi, that any ball players who wished to join the traveling teams should be at Okshush Spring (Oak Slush Creek about two miles west of downtown Columbus) by noon on Nov. 29. More than 400 ball players showed up. Lincecum only wanted 40 players and rigged a drawing so as to only get the 40 players that he wanted to travel with him.
The two teams departed Columbus, traveling up the Military Road, first passing what are now the Columbus Farmer’s Market and the soccer complex. The only exhibition game I have seen a reference to was possibly one in Huntsville, Alabama. The trip turned into a financial failure. It is not clear how far the travailing Choctaw teams made it. There was a reference by Lincecum to seeing Pushmataha’s grave and as it is in Washington DC, they may well have made it that far. The Choctaws were to be compensated for their play and so by today’s standards they were professional ball players. Possibly the first professional ball players in America.
Stickball is still played by the Choctaw in both Mississippi and Oklahoma. This summer, games can be seen at the annual Choctaw Fair held by the Mississippi Band of the Choctaw Indians at Choctaw, Mississippi, July 12-15.
Rufus Ward is a Columbus native a local historian. E-mail your questions about local history to Rufus at [email protected].
You can help your community
Quality, in-depth journalism is essential to a healthy community. The Dispatch brings you the most complete reporting and insightful commentary in the Golden Triangle, but we need your help to continue our efforts. In the past week, our reporters have posted 30 articles to cdispatch.com. Please consider subscribing to our website for only $2.30 per week to help support local journalism and our community.